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«آب معدنی» به چه کار خوزستان می‌آید؟

«آب معدنی» به چه کار خوزستان می‌آید؟

تصویری از خشکی هورالعظیم در دشت آزادگان فضای مجازی حالا چند روز است پر شده از شماره حساب‌های بانکی افراد ناشناس که همه‌شان هم مدعی‌اند می‌خواهند با کامیون، آب معدنی به خوزستان برسانند. مردم ایران نیز از آنجا که در هیچ مقطع زمانی و در هیچ بحرانی از کمک به هموطن دریغ نمی‌کنند، مبالغی برای

«آب معدنی» به چه کار خوزستان می‌آید؟
تصویری از خشکی هورالعظیم در دشت آزادگان

فضای مجازی حالا چند روز است پر شده از شماره حساب‌های بانکی افراد ناشناس که همه‌شان هم مدعی‌اند می‌خواهند با کامیون، آب معدنی به خوزستان برسانند. مردم ایران نیز از آنجا که در هیچ مقطع زمانی و در هیچ بحرانی از کمک به هموطن دریغ نمی‌کنند، مبالغی برای این افراد واریز می‌کنند اما این آب معدنی‌ها قرار است، کدام جلگه، کدام زمین کشاورزی و دام چه مناطقی را سیراب کنند؟

در میان تلاش‌های سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد و افراد باتجربه که سال‌ها سابقه مدیریت بحران در کشور را دارند، افراد نابلدی هم هستند که بدون آشنایی با اقلیم و موقعیت منطقه صرفا اسیر احساسات شده‌اند و برای کار خیر کمر همت بسته‌اند اما از روی ناآگاهی سرمایه مردم را به باد می‌دهند؛ بدون اینکه بدانند مشکل خوزستان دقیقا چیست.

بازنشر تصویری از سال ۲۰۰۵ از یک خانم مسن که سعی دارد با آب جمع‌شده روی زمین خودش را سیراب کند – که بحق عکس تکان‌دهنده‌ای است – باعث شده است مردم درباره شرایط خوزستان دچار اشتباه شوند.

اما مردم خوزستان دقیقا چه می‌خواهند؟ مطالبه اصلی مردم خوزستان حل مشکل بی‌آبی خودشان و بویژه دام‌هایشان است که روزبه‌روز شاهد تلف‌شدنشان هستند. ناراحتی مردم از خشک‌شدن زمین‌های حاصلخیز است. مساله مردم خوزستان این است که مشکل کم‌آبی خوزستان قابل پیش‌بینی و پیشگیری بوده است و برایشان قابل پذیرش نیست که صرفا به هشدار و بیانیه برای عدم کشت برنج در این استان اکتفا شده است. در بخش جنوبی و بویژه غربی استان خوزستان هم دامداری و دامپروری وجود دارد و حیات دام‌ها وابسته به آب است.

همین چند خط کافیست که بدانید مشکل خوزستان آب‌معدنی نیست و بسیار کلان‌تر است.

در فضای مجازی نیز میان عده‌ای از مردم بحث‌های تندی شکل گرفته است. برخی از خوزستانی ها نوشته‌اند: «ما به آب‌معدنی نیاز نداریم و لازم نیست مردم به ما صدقه بدهند!» عده‌ای هم در جواب به آنها نوشته‌اند که «جای تشکرتان است؟ ببخشید، بضاعتمان همین‌قدر بود!» یک کاربر هم در انتقاد از ارسال آب‌معدنی به خوزستان نوشته است: «به جای آب معدنی، آبمیوه بفرستید!»

اما این اولین بار نیست مردم نوع‌دوست کشورمان در شرایط بحرانی تن به جریان‌های رمانتیک می‌دهند و به جای اینکه سازمان‌های خیریه معتبر را همراهی کنند، بصورت خودسرانه و بدون کوچک‌ترین تجربه‌ای بشکل افراطی از مردم پول جمع می‌کنند.

حالا اگر دوست دارید بدانید سرنوشت کمک‌های افراطی از روی نابلدی در شرایط بحران چه اتفاق ناگواری  را رقم می‌زند، این گفت‌وگو با افسون علیمرادیان را بخوانید. او ۱۵ سال است بعنوان فعال مدنی با چند NGO در این زمینه همکاری دارد.

خانم علیمرادیان به ایسنا می‌گوید: «ما در این سال‌ها در کشورمان هم با بحران طبیعی  مواجه بودیم و هم با بحران‌هایی که ساخته دست بشر بوده‌اند. حالا مسئله امروز ما خوزستان است که دلایل مختلفی دارد؛ مثل کمبود اطلاعات و قصور مسئولان مربوط. فارغ از این موضوع در زمان بحران ما باید اول این بحران را شناسایی کنیم و بدانیم در کجا اتفاق افتاده است. جغرافیای آن منطقه مهم است و ما حتی باید با فرهنگ مردم منطقه هم آشنا باشیم و بعد از خودمان بپرسیم آیا من می‌توانم کمکی کنم که مشکل مردم بحران‌زده حل شود یا نه؟»

این فعال مدنی ادامه می‌دهد: «در زمان بحران‌های طبیعی مثل سیل و زلزله افرادی وجود دارند که تجربه کار حرفه‌ای در بحران را دارند و یک یا دو روز بعد از حادثه در محل حاضر می‌شوند تا وضعیت را بررسی کنند و تلفات جانی و میزان تخریب را بسنجند و بعد وارد عمل شوند که این بررسی اولیه خیلی مهم است. اما طی سال‌های اخیر بنا به دلایل مختلف مردم نسبت به نهادهای دولتی دچار بی‌اعتمادی شده‌اند و متاسفانه شاهد حرکاتی از سمت مردم بوده‌ایم که جامعه مدنی آن منطقه را بسیار شکننده کرده است و اتفاقاتی افتاده که غیرقابل جبران است.»

او معتقد است: «ما پیامد این خودجوش‌کارکردن مردم را در زلزله سرپل ذهاب بوضوح مشاهده کردیم؛ به طوری که مردم به صورت گروه‌های دوستی و خانوادگی بدون تجربه پول جمع کردند و پس از خریداری کالا به سمت منطقه بحران‌زده سفر کردند. موضوع اینجاست که همین افراد کار نابلد در زمان بحران معضلند و برای محلی‌ها دست و پا گیر می‌شوند. این اتفاق باعث شده بود در همان زلزله به روستاهایی که به محل حادثه نزدیک‌تر بودند بی‌اندازه کمک شود به طوری که محلی‌ها این کمک‌ها را دور انداخته بودند. مثلا ماشین‌ها آب معدنی‌ها را سر راه گذاشته و رفته بودند یا لباس‌ها و بعضی وسایل رها شده بودند. طوری بود که ساماندهی و جمع‌آوری همین وسایل معضل شده بود. مردم لباس مندرس و کهنه به مردم زلزله‌زده داده بودند که اصلا قابل استفاده نبود و شاید باورتان نشود ما در آن روزها کوه‌هایی از لباس را آتش زدیم.»

او اضافه می‌کند: «فعالیت خودجوش افراد کارنابلد در زمان بحران کار درستی نیست و هزینه گزافی را به باد می‌دهد. حتی ممکن است به یک محدوده‌ هیچ کمکی نشود و به جای دیگر بیش از حد نیاز کمک شود. از کمک‌های مردم عادی که بگذریم مشکل دیگر افراد نابلدی‌اند که به اصطلاح خیریه دارند و شاید حتی با ۱۰ موسسه خیریه هم همکاری کنند اما کار در شرایط بحرانی را بلد نیستند. مدیریت بحران در جهان این طور است که افراد باید در زمان مشخصی در محل بحران بمانند، کمک‌های اولیه را انجام دهند و بعد محل را ترک کنند تا محلی‌ها دوباره روی پای خودشان بایستند.»

او با اشاره به حادثه سیل لرستان نیز توضیح می‌دهد: «ما در زمان سیل لرستان هم با این بی‌تجربگی‌ها مواجه بودیم. مردم برای کمک به سیل‌زده‌ها مقدار بسیار زیادی کنسرو خریده و ارسال کرده بودند و این در حالی بود که مردم لرستان اساسا چیزی به عنوان کنسرو را مصرف نمی‌کنند و علاقه‌ای به غذای کنسروی ندارند. مقدار زیادی کنسرو در آن مقطع زمانی نابود شد و از بین رفت. عده‌ای گفتند این کنسروها را بفروشیم و با پول حاصل از فروش، نیاز مردم منطقه را تامین کنیم اما گروهی عکس و فیلم تهیه کردند و گفتند کمک‌های مردم را می‌فروشند و خودش یک داستان شد. در نهایت جلوی فروش هم گرفته شد و آن همه کنسرو با لودر و کامیون منهدم شد. یا مثلا خیلی افراد آمدند و در منطقه آشپزخانه درست کردند. من قبول دارم کار قشنگی است اما نه برای یک جای بحران‌زده. بعد از ایجاد آشپزخانه، برخی افراد از استان‌های مجاور آمدند، در محل چادر زدند و غذای مجانی گرفتند. پیامدش یک اتفاق اجتماعی بود و در نهایت محلی‌ها با غریبه‌ها نزاع و دعوا کردند.»

این فعال مدنی تاکید می‌کند: «بحران با احساسات پیش نمی‌رود و دو مقوله کاملا جدا از هم هستند. احساسات در بحران جواب نمی‌دهد. کار را باید به افرادی سپرد که مدیریت بحران بلدند. چند وقت پیش که مسئله سیستان و بلوچستان مطرح بود، عده‌ای می‌گفتند بسته غذایی برای مردم این استان بفرستیم؛ در صورتی که مشکل سیستان و بلوچستان اصلا غذا نبود. دیگر اینکه فرهنگ غذایی مردم تهران با سیستان و بلوچستان فرق دارد و غذا باید در همان منطقه تهیه شود. یادمان نرود فرهنگ هر منطقه‌ای قابل احترام است و باید خیلی به آن توجه کنیم. قرار نیست ما مردم بحران‌زده را آشفته کنیم. بهتر است برای این کارها از محلی‌ها کمک بگیریم تا هم به اقتصاد منطقه کمک کنیم  و هم واقعا کمکی کرده باشیم.»

او درباره بحران این روزهای خوزستان نیز می‌گوید: «درباره خوزستان هم من دیدم که نهادهای مدنی این استان عصبانی بودند از اینکه معضل بزرگ کم‌آبی خوزستان به خرید آب معدنی و تانکر تقلیل پیدا کرده است. آنها یک مطالبه جمعی دارند اما موسسات خیریه و برخی از مردم دست به کارهایی زدند که خیلی صورت خوشی نداشت. بحران یک اتفاق احساسی نیست. بحران یک بلاست که در هر جای جهان می‌تواند اتفاق بیفتد و اگر درست مدیریت نشود، شاهد هدررفت منابع مالی خواهیم بود که از سوی مردم تامین شده است. کمک‌کردن خیلی خوب است و حسن بزرگ اخلاقی ما ایرانی‌هاست اما نباید احساساتی شد تا منابع مالی هدر نروند. بهتر است افراد باتجربه و مورد اعتماد را پیدا کنیم تا این مسیر درست طی شود.»

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