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چگونه برای دوران بازنشستگی آرامش اقتصادی را فراهم کنیم؟

چگونه برای دوران بازنشستگی آرامش اقتصادی را فراهم کنیم؟

ایسنا/خراسان رضوی مسیر رسیدن به امنیت مالی یک مسیر خطی نیست و رویکرد یکسانی برای همه وجود ندارد اما اینکه در مورد پس‌انداز و سرمایه‌گذاری چه برای بازنشستگی و چه برای اهداف دیگر فکری نکنید شاید بدترین راهبرد باشد. به گزارش مارکت واچ، شرایط فردی، مسیر زندگی همه را کمی متفاوت می‌کند اما صرف‌نظر از سن

چگونه برای دوران بازنشستگی آرامش اقتصادی را فراهم کنیم؟

ایسنا/خراسان رضوی مسیر رسیدن به امنیت مالی یک مسیر خطی نیست و رویکرد یکسانی برای همه وجود ندارد اما اینکه در مورد پس‌انداز و سرمایه‌گذاری چه برای بازنشستگی و چه برای اهداف دیگر فکری نکنید شاید بدترین راهبرد باشد.

به گزارش مارکت واچ، شرایط فردی، مسیر زندگی همه را کمی متفاوت می‌کند اما صرف‌نظر از سن شما، همیشه یک چشم‌انداز کلی در زندگی وجود دارد. شما می‌توانید برای این چشم‌انداز برنامه‌ریزی و هدف خود را مشخص کنید و در نظر بگیرید تا هدف چقدر فاصله دارید. البته خطا را در نظر بگیرید زیرا هیچ‌ کس نمی‌داند زندگی یا بازار سهام چه چیزی به همراه خواهد داشت.

این مسیر و انتخاب‌هایی که باید انجام دهید با توجه به سن شما متفاوت خواهدبود و لحظه‌های سرنوشت‌ساز و سبک زندگی که دوست دارید همگی متفاوت به نظر می‌رسند. به‌عنوان مثال فردی که چند سال است بازنشسته شده نباید مانند کسی که تازه کار خود را شروع کرده است ترکیبی از سهام و اوراق قرضه را در کارنامه خود داشته باشد یا مثلا تولد یک نوزاد جدید یا فرزندانی که خانه را ترک می‌کنند، کسب و کار جدید یا یک شکست تجاری، طلاق یا بیماری همگی می‌توانند توانایی شما را برای پس‌انداز تغییر دهند.

با وجود اینکه بازنشستگی یکی از بزرگترین اهداف مالی است هیچ پاسخی در مورد میزان پولی که در دوران بازنشستگی نیاز دارید یا اینکه چگونه این دوران را سپری خواهید کرد وجود ندارد. در واقع پس‌انداز می‌تواند سخت باشد و جاهایی مجبور باشید فداکاری نیز بکنید اما یک ویژگی اغلب نادیده گرفته می‌شود؛ پول به شما کنترل بیشتری بر زندگی و نحوه گذراندن وقت می‌دهد و حد خوشحالی و راحتی شما را تعیین می‌کند.

صرف‌نظر از اینکه در چه مرحله‌ای از زندگی هستید پیشنهادات ذیل می‌توانند به شما کمک کنند تا به خوشحالی و راحتی در زمان بازنشستگی دست یابید:

دهه ۲۰

در این دهه، بازنشستگی خیلی دور تصور می‌شود اما ممکن است حیاتی‌ترین زمان برای شروع پس‌انداز دوران بازنشستگی باشد زیرا افراد در ۲۰ سالگی می‌توانند بیشترین بهره را از قدرت ترکیب کردن ببرند، زمانی است که از سود حساب یا سرمایه‌گذاری می‌توانید برای افزایش سرمایه خود استفاده کنید و بر این اساس ماه به ماه و سال به سال، سرمایه‌تان افزایش می‌یابد.

پل مریمن توضیحی قابل‌توجه دارد که اگر از ۲۵ سالگی تنها به مدت پنج سال برای بازنشستگی پس‌انداز کنید و بعد از آن دیگر هیچ پس‌اندازی انجام ندهید، خود را به یک مولتی میلیونر تبدیل خواهید کرد.

البته دهه ۲۰، زمانی است که احتمالا کمترین میزان درآمد شغلی را دارید و ممکن است مقدار آن کم باشد و مجبور باشید تعدادی از اهداف و تعهدات مالی خود را متعادل کنید. بااین‌حال، در این‌جا چند نکته برای پس‌انداز کردن در مسیر زندگی وجود دارد:

مشاوران مالی معمولا پیشنهاد می‌کنند که بین ۱۰ تا ۱۵ درصد حقوق برای بازنشستگی کنار گذاشته شود اگر این مورد امکان پذیر نیست با حداقل میزان شروع کنید، مهم نیست که چه قدر است، حتی اگر فقط ۵ یا ۱۰ دلار در ماه باشد وقتی افزایش حقوق یا پاداش دریافت می‌کنید این مبلغ را افزایش دهید. البته فراموش نکنید که مقداری پول برای موارد اضطراری کنار بگذارید!

چگونه برای دوران بازنشستگی آرامش اقتصادی را فراهم کنیم؟

دهه ۳۰

در این دهه ممکن است اولین خانه خود را بخرید، ازدواج و کسب‌وکار ایجاد کنید، تشکیل خانواده دهید یا ترکیبی از همه این‌ موارد رخ دهد. لذا تعهدات مالی زیادی دارید اما به این معنا نیست که حساب‌های بازنشستگی را  فراموش کنید.

طبق یکی از دستورالعمل‌های Fidelity Investments، در حالت ایده‌آل یک فرد ۳۰ ساله باید در این مرحله دو برابر حقوق اولیه را داشته باشد. بسیاری می‌گویند که با وجود اجاره و وام مسکن، وام‌های دانشجویی یا هزینه تحصیل بچه‌ها، کمک به والدین و سایر قبوض برای پرداخت پس‌انداز امکان پذیر نیست. درست است اما نکته همچنان باقی است؛ بازنشستگی را نباید فراموش کرد. اگر تا انتهای چک حقوقی را خرج می‌کنید همچنان باید سعی کنید مقدار کمی به حساب بازنشستگی اختصاص دهید و تلاش کنید که  آن سهم را افزایش دهید.

این نکات را در ۳۰ سالگی خود انجام دهید:

بودجه خود را مجددا ارزیابی کنید و اگر هزینه‌ای وجود دارد که با ارزش‌های شما همخوانی ندارد هزینه‌های با اولویت پایین را کاهش دهید.

به دنبال راه‌هایی برای افزایش درآمد خود باشید. آیا می‌توانید درخواست افزایش حقوق بدهید؟ شغلی با درآمد بالاتر پیدا یا شغل پاره وقت برای خود مهیا کنید؟ حتی مقداری پول نقد با فروش وسایل اضافه، هر چند کوچک می‌تواند پس‌انداز بازنشستگی را افزایش دهد.

دهه ۴۰

دهه‌ای است که ممکن است به لطف افزایش حقوق یا تغییر شغل، پول بیشتری در حقوق خود مشاهده کنید. در این دهه بازنشستگی به‌طور ناگهانی خیلی دور به نظر نمی‌رسد. در مقطعی از این دهه احتمالا بیشتر از زمانی که تا بازنشستگی باقی مانده‌است، کار کرده‌اید.

البته تعهدات مالی در دهه ۴۰ ناپدید نمی‌شوند احتمالا هنوز یک وام مسکن برای پرداخت وجود دارد، بودجه دانشگاه برای فرزندان، والدین مسن، موارد دیگر و این فهرست ادامه دارد اما همچنان این باید هدف باشد که ۱۰ تا ۱۵ درصد از حقوق خود را برای بازنشستگی کنار بگذارید و کمی پول اضافی از افزایش حقوق یا کار پاره‌وقت به دست آورید.

در این دهه از زندگی اسناد مهم مانند وصیت‌نامه و بیمه مراقبت‌های بهداشتی را تنظیم کنید. اگر وصیت‌نامه نداشته باشید قانون تصمیم می‌گیرد که دارایی‌های شما چگونه توزیع شود یا در صورت مرگ شما چه کسی از کودکان خردسال مراقبت می‌کند. اگر قبلا وصیتنامه تنظیم کرده‌اید دوباره آن‌ را بررسی کنید.

چگونه برای دوران بازنشستگی آرامش اقتصادی را فراهم کنیم؟

دهه ۵۰

اکنون بازنشستگی چندان دور نیست. بنابراین زمان بیشتری را صرف فکر کردن در مورد اینکه چه زمانی می‌خواهید بازنشسته شوید و هزینه‌های شما چه خواهد بود، صرف کنید. نگاهی واقع‌بینانه به امور مالی خود بیندازید. حقوق مزایای تامین اجتماعی خود را در اداره تامین اجتماعی برآورد کنید و چند سناریو از درآمد و نیازهای بازنشستگی پیش‌بینی کنید.

حساب‌های بازنشستگی به افراد ۵۰ ساله و بالاتر کمک مالی می‌کنند بنابراین از این فرصت برای افزایش پس‌انداز خود استفاده کنید.

حساب‌های بازنشستگی شما همچنان باید دارای مقدار مناسبی از سهام باشند زیرا این پول باید برای دهه‌های آینده رشد کند اما وجوهی را جمع‌آوری کنید که در صورت رکود بازار در شروع بازنشستگی خود به جای مجبور شدن به دست زدن به اصل سرمایه یا فروش سهام از آن‌ها استفاده کنید.

این نکات را در ۵۰ سالگی در نظر بگیرید:

به تجزیه و تحلیل مخارج خود ادامه دهید (این یکی از آن قوانین همیشگی در دنیای مالی شخصی است) و اگر نمی‌خواهید با یک وکیل مشورت کنید تا تخصیص دارایی‌های خود را بررسی کنید، با برنامه‌ریز مالی یا حتی یک مشاور در شرکتی که حساب‌های بازنشستگی شما را در اختیار دارد، صحبت کنید. آیا به درستی برای آینده سرمایه‌گذاری کرده‌اید یا به میزان زیادی در سهام یا اوراق قرضه سرمایه‌گذاری کرده‌اید؟

چگونه برای دوران بازنشستگی آرامش اقتصادی را فراهم کنیم؟

دهه ۶۰ و ۷۰

این دهه‌هایی است که بیشتر مردم می‌خواهند کار را متوقف کنند در حالی که هنوز هم می‌توانید کارهای زیادی برای تامین مالی خود انجام دهید.

کورکورانه به بازنشستگی نروید منابع درآمد خود را در دوران بازنشستگی تجزیه‌وتحلیل کنید؛ تامین اجتماعی، پس‌انداز (از جمله حساب‌های بازنشستگی)، حقوق بازنشستگی و هر چیز دیگری. به دقت فکر کنید که چه زمانی می‌خواهید از  حقوق و مزایای بازنشستگی استفاده کنید. افراد می‌توانند از سن ۶۰ سالگی مزایای تامین اجتماعی خود را دریافت کنند اما همه نباید این کار را انجام دهند.

همچنین در این دهه لازم است هزینه‌های مراقبت‌های بهداشتی را بررسی کنید و فقط به این دلیل که بازنشستگی در این دهه است به این معنی نیست که نباید در اوراق قرضه سرمایه‌گذاری شود. بله، بازنشستگان به حمایت از دارایی‌های ثابت نیاز دارند اما بازنشستگی می‌تواند دو یا سه دهه دیگر ادامه یابد. بدون ترکیب سالمی از سهام و اوراق قرضه که سوددهی داشته باشد و از سود برای افزایش سرمایه استفاده شود، ممکن است در سنین بالا با خطر تمام شدن پول مواجه شوید.

این کار را در دهه ۶۰ و ۷۰ سالگی انجام دهید:

تمام دارایی‌ها، بدهی‌های و نوع بدهی‌های خود را در نظر بگیرید. به‌عنوان مثال، وام مسکن معقول اگر با بودجه کلی و برنامه مخارج مطابقت داشته باشد، لزوما در دوران بازنشستگی بد نیست اما بدهی باید قبل از بازنشستگی کاهش یابد.

در حالی که در اوایل دهه ۶۰ و سالم هستید بیمه مراقبت طولانی‌مدت را در نظر بگیرید مانند مراقبت در مرکز سالمندان.

روی سلامتی خود تمرکز کنید و نه فقط موارد مالی.

فعال بمانید.

یک مهارت جدید بیاموزید و به یک سرگرمی بپردازید.

با خانواده و دوستان خود تماس بگیرید.

سرمایه‌گذاری‌های سبک و بدون ریسک انجام دهید.

انتهای پیام

منبع:ایسنا

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