تاریخ انتشار : جمعه 21 آبان 1400 - 23:23
113 بازدید
کد خبر : 87081

از زیرساخت‌های نرم افزاری در توسعه سلامت غفلت می شود

از زیرساخت‌های نرم افزاری در توسعه سلامت غفلت می شود

ایسنا/اصفهان رئیس دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان گفت: زیرساخت های نرم افزاری برای توسعه سلامت اغلب مورد غفلت واقع می شوند، درحالی که اساس و قوام یک مجموعه به توسعه این زیرساخت ها است، اما در برنامه های توسعه به آن پرداخته نمی شود. طاهره چنگیز بعد از ظهر امروز (سه‌شنبه-۲۲ تیر) در نخستین کنگره استان اصفهان

از زیرساخت‌های نرم افزاری در توسعه سلامت غفلت می شود

ایسنا/اصفهان رئیس دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان گفت: زیرساخت های نرم افزاری برای توسعه سلامت اغلب مورد غفلت واقع می شوند، درحالی که اساس و قوام یک مجموعه به توسعه این زیرساخت ها است، اما در برنامه های توسعه به آن پرداخته نمی شود.

طاهره چنگیز بعد از ظهر امروز (سه‌شنبه-۲۲ تیر) در نخستین کنگره استان اصفهان و توسعه ملی، چالش‌ها و فرصت‌های پیش رو، در پنل تخصصی با موضوع اصفهان، سلامت و توسعه ملی، اظهار کرد: زیرساخت های ضروری برای توسعه سلامت شامل سخت افزارها، نیروی انسانی آماده به کار و نرم افزارها است.

وی گفت: وقتی صحبت از توسعه زیرساخت های سلامت می شود معمولا تمرکز بر روی مقوله اول یعنی سخت افزارها و زیرساخت های سخت افزاری همچون فضاهای فیزیکی، تجهیزات و امکاناتی است که به عنوان ضروریات برای توسعه خدمات درنظر گرفته می شود، اما متاسفانه توسعه خدمات به معنای توسعه زیرساخت های فیزیکی درنظر گرفته می شود که خطای بزرگی است، به طوری که تمام اعتبارات را صرف این بخش می کنیم و به هدف نمی رسیم.

رئیس دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان یکی دیگر از زیرساخت های ضروری برای توسعه سلامت را نیروی انسانی آماده به کار برشمرد و افزود: نیروی انسانی باید مهارت و انگیزه کافی داشته باشد، متناسب با نیاز و در محل مورد نیاز آماده فعالیت باشد. بخش سوم نیز زیرساخت های نرم افزاری است که اساس و قوام یک مجموعه به این زیرساخت ها است، اما متاسفانه عموما مغفول واقع شده و در برنامه های توسعه به آن پرداخته نمی شود.

چنگیز با بیان اینکه زیرساخت های سخت افزاری ملموس هستند و به همین دلیل در بسیاری از موارد افراد توجه ویژه ای به این بخش دارند، گفت: ویژگی دیگر سخت افزارها این است که تامین آنها ارتباط مستقیمی با پول دارد، همچنین رقابت پذیر هستند و این ویژگی باعث مسابقه می شود تا هر کسی سهم بیشتری از منابع داشته باشد و قصه پرغصه این رقابت ها را هر مدیری در مجموعه سلامت می داند و  متاسفانه بلاهای زیادی هم بر سر نظام سلامت آورده است، ضمن اینکه اگر اعتبار لازم وجود داشته باشد می توان این زیرساخت ها را به سرعت فراهم کرد.

وی از دیگر ویژگی های زیرساخت های سخت افزاری را کهنه شدن عنوان و تصریح کرد: این عیب نیست، اما باید توجه داشت اگر قرار است این زیرساخت ها در طول زمان کهنه شوند باید به اندازه نیاز مورد بهره برداری قرار گیرند. جنس و ذات این سخت افزارها این است که مولد نیستند و تکثیر نمی شوند، این زیرساخت ها ممکن است گاهی شرط لازم برای توسعه باشند، اما قطعا شرط کافی برای توسعه نیستند.

چنگیز مولفه دیگر را منابع یا سرمایه انسانی دانست و گفت: نیروی انسانی آماده به کار ملموس، قابل روئیت و تحت تاثیر مسائل مالی است و تامین آنها با سرعت بالا ممکن است. باید بپذیریم اگر گلوگاه ما برای بهره برداری یک بیمارستان تامین نیروی انسانی است باید زمان بندی طوری باشد که بدانیم برای تامین نیروی انسانی چه مدت زمانی لازم است، درحالی که معمولا این مقوله یا درنظر گرفته نمی شود و یا برآوردهای اشتباه صورت می گیرد. وقتی یک همکار خوب به یک مجموعه اضافه می کنیم در آینده مولد است و می تواند زمینه ساز تامین منابع بیشتر باشد. نیروی انسانی نیز شرط لازم برای توسعه خدمات سلامت است، اما پیش بینی پذیری منابع انسانی اندک است، چون در کشور ما فاکتورها و متغیرهای زیادی بر رفتار آنها اثر می گذارد. درحالی که اگر آشفته بازار فاکتورهای موثر بر کشش نیروی انسانی برای آمادگی به کار در حوزه سلامت را نادیده بگیریم ممکن است خیلی از برنامه ها به نتیجه نرسد.

رئیس دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان با بیان اینکه زیرساخت های نرم افزاری اغلب مورد غفلت واقع می شوند، اضافه کرد: نرم افزارها شامل باورها و هنجارهای جامعه و سازمان، تعاملات بین ارکان نظام سلامت، مقررات و رویه ها و برنامه ها است.

زیرساخت های نرم افزاری، عامل اصلی کارایی و بهره وری

وی ادامه داد: ویژگی زیرساخت های نرم افزاری این است که به راحتی دیده نمی شوند و مستتر هستند، موثر و متاثر از مسائل مادی هستند، تامین کننده اصلی انرژی برای فعالیت نظام سلامت، تنظیم کننده نحوه عملکرد سیستم، عامل اصلی کارایی و بهره وری، با ماهیت آهسته، انباشتگی پذیری و مولد هستند.

چنگیز با تاکید براینکه برنامه ریزی برای توسعه خدمات در نظام سلامت بدون توجه به این زیرساخت ها ممکن نیست، گفت: باید ببینیم کدام یک از این زیرساخت ها پیشران و مقوم هستند و باید به آن بیشتر توجه کنیم. متاسفانه گاهی توسعه به این معنا است که کاری کنیم وضعیت بدتر نشود، البته امیدواریم وضعیت بهتر شود و امیدوارم صحبت درباره توسعه در شرایطی که با وضعیت بحران کرونا، خشکسالی و آلودگی هوای اصفهان و مشکلات دیگر مواجه هستیم مثل کلنگ پیامبر(ص) در زمان حفر خندق باشد که صحبت از پیوستن روم و ایران به اسلام را می کردند و بسیاری باور نمی کردند، اما این اتفاق افتاد.

رئیس دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان با بیان اینکه توسعه بدون مشارکت همه حتی در حوزه سلامت غیر ممکن است، گفت: صحبت از توسعه سلامت بدون حضور بازیگران این صحنه که ۷۵ درصد مولفه های سلامت در حوزه های آن ها تعریف می شود، ساده لوحی است و امیدوارم شاهد مشارکت همه بخش ها در این عرصه باشیم.

درهم تندیگی سلامت و توسعه

کمال حیدری-معاون درمان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان نیز در این برنامه با اشاره به تعریف توسعه پایدار، اظهار کرد: توسعه پایدار راه حل هایی ارائه می دهد تا بتوانند از بروز مسائلی همچون نابودی منابع طبیعی، تخریب سامانه های زیستی، آلودگی، تغییرات آب و هوایی، مشکلات جمعیتی، بی عدالتی و پایین آمدن کیفیت زندگی انسان های حال و آینده جلوگیری کند.

وی با بیان اینکه هدف توسعه انسانی پرورش قابلیت های انسانی است، گفت: توسعه پایدار سعی دارد برای رسیدن به یک جامعه قوی، سالم و عادلانه به نیازهای اساسی همچون تلفیق حفاظت (منابع موجود) و توسعه، تامین نیازهای اولیه زیستی انسان، دستیابی به عدالت اجتماعی، خودمختاری و تنوع فرهنگی و حفاظت از یگانگی اکولوژیکی پاسخ دهد.

به گزارش ایسنا، معاون درمان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان به درهم تندیگی سلامت و توسعه اشاره و خاطرنشان کرد: چالش های مهم نظام سلامت درحال حاضر شامل پیر شدن جمعیت، گسترش بیماری ها، افزایش هزینه ها، افزایش انتظارات مردم و نابرابری در بهره گیری از خدمات بهداشتی درمانی است.

وی یادآور شد: طی چند سال اخیر برخی از شاخص های سلامت خانواده و جمعیت افزایش یافته مثل سزارین و سالمندی و برخی از شاخص ها نیز کاهش یافته مثل میزان مرگ و میر نوزادان و کودکان زیر یک سال و پنج سال، رشد جمعیت و نرخ ازدواج که هر کدام از این شاخص ها قابل بحث و بررسی است، اما به طور کلی در زمینه سلامت جسمی و روانی جامعه دچار مشکل هستیم و برای توسعه در استان باید به این مسائل توجه داشته باشیم.

حیدری به مشارکت خیرین در توسعه نظام سلامت اشاره و اظهار کرد: خیرین به عنوان بخشی از جامعه به ما کمک زیادی می کنند، اما باید فعالیت های آنها را در جهت اهداف خود هدایت کنیم، در غیر این صورت نتایج خوبی نخواهد داشت.

وی با تاکید بر جلب مشارکت مردم برای توسعه نظام سلامت، گفت: با همه گیری کرونا توجه بسیاری از مردم به حوزه سلامت و اهمیت و جایگاه این بخش جلب شد، بنابراین باید تلاش این توجه را در راستای دغدغه های نظام سلامت جهت دهیم، چون منابع محدود است و در همه استان به دنبال توسعه هستیم، بنابراین این تغییر نگرش کار بزرگی است که باید انجام دهیم.

فعالیت هزار سازمان مردم نهاد در اصفهان

معاون بهداشتی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان به فعالیت هزار سازمان مردم نهاد در استان اصفهان اشاره کرد و گفت: تنها حدود ۱۰ تا ۱۵ درصد از سازمان های مردم نهاد در حوزه سلامت فعالیت می کنند و بقیه در حوزه های حمایت های اجتماعی، میراث فرهنگی و محیط زیست فعالیت می کنند، درحالی که این فعالیت ها نیز به نوعی به حوزه سلامت مرتبط هستند.

وی با تاکید بر اینکه هرچه در حوزه پیشگیری فعالیت کنیم بار بخش درمان را کم می کنیم، گفت: در عین حال باید دغدغه های خیرین را نیز پاسخ دهیم و همزمان از توان و ظرفیت آنها در حوزه پیشگیری، آموزش و پژوهش نیز بهره ببریم. اگر نیروهای بومی را به موضوعات کارشناسی و تخصصی سوق دهیم پایداری در حوزه درمان رقم می خورد.

معاون درمان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان با بیان اینکه توسعه زیرساخت های سلامت را به خاطر محدودیت منابع و تعدد وظایف متوقف نکرده ایم، خاطرنشان کرد: خیرین برای توسعه زیرساخت های سلامت نقش کاتالیزور مثبتی را دارند که می توانند مردم را هدایت و حمایت کنند.

انتهای پیام

منبع:ایسنا

برچسب ها :

ناموجود
ارسال نظر شما
مجموع نظرات : 0 در انتظار بررسی : 0 انتشار یافته : ۰
  • نظرات ارسال شده توسط شما، پس از تایید توسط مدیران سایت منتشر خواهد شد.
  • نظراتی که حاوی تهمت یا افترا باشد منتشر نخواهد شد.
  • نظراتی که به غیر از زبان فارسی یا غیر مرتبط با خبر باشد منتشر نخواهد شد.

htthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtthtt