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جنگ افغانستان: این نبرد چقدر برای آمریکا هزینه داشت؟

جنگ افغانستان: این نبرد چقدر برای آمریکا هزینه داشت؟

نیروهای آمریکایی پایگاه هوایی بگرام در شمال کابل را ترک کرده‌اند و عملا کمپین نظامی ایالات متحده در افغانستان پیش از زمان تعیین شده که یازده سپتامبر امسال بود، به پایان رسید. به گزارش ایسنا، به نقل از شبکه خبری بی.بی.سی، جو بایدن، رئیس جمهوری آمریکا گفته بود نظامیان کشورش باید تا یازده سپتامبر امسال

جنگ افغانستان: این نبرد چقدر برای آمریکا هزینه داشت؟

نیروهای آمریکایی پایگاه هوایی بگرام در شمال کابل را ترک کرده‌اند و عملا کمپین نظامی ایالات متحده در افغانستان پیش از زمان تعیین شده که یازده سپتامبر امسال بود، به پایان رسید.

به گزارش ایسنا، به نقل از شبکه خبری بی.بی.سی، جو بایدن، رئیس جمهوری آمریکا گفته بود نظامیان کشورش باید تا یازده سپتامبر امسال افغانستان را ترک کنند و عملا با خروج این نظامیان از پایگاه بگرام، کمپین نظامی آمریکا در این کشور جنگ‌زده به پایان رسید، اما باید دید آمریکا از زمان آغاز جنگ چقدر در افغانستان هزینه کرده است.

براساس گزارش آسوشیتدپرس، انتظار می‌رود حدود ۶۵۰ نظامی آمریکایی برای تامین امنیت دیپلمات‌ها پس از خروج نظامیان در افغانستان باقی بمانند.

آمریکا در اکتبر ۲۰۰۱ به بهانه عزل طالبان به افغانستان حمله‌ور شد، کشوری که به گفته آنها به اسامه بن لادن و شخصیت‌های القاعده که به حملات یازده سپتامبر مرتبط بودند، پناه داده بود. تعداد نظامیان آمریکایی به تدریج رشد یافت و واشنگتن میلیاردها دلار در نبرد با شبه‌نظامیان طالبان و ایجاد زیرساخت هزینه کرد اما از تعداد نظامیان بعد از ۲۰۱۱ کاسته شد.

در شرایطی که ارتش آمریکا به جای عملیات‌های تهاجمی بیشتر روی آموزش نیروهای افغان تمرکز کرده بود، به میزان قابل توجهی از هزینه‌های آن کاسته شد. بین سال‌های ۲۰۱۰ تا ۲۰۱۲ که آمریکا بیش از ۱۰۰ هزار سرباز در این کشور داشت، هزینه این جنگ تا سالیانه حدود ۱۰۰ میلیارد دلار رسید.

یک مقام ارشد پنتاگون در آن سال به کنگره آمریکا گفت که تا سال ۲۰۱۸ هزینه سالانه حدود ۴۵ میلیارد دلار بود. طبق گفته وزارت دفاع آمریکا، کل هزینه‌های نظامی در افغانستان (از اکتبر ۲۰۰۱ تا سپتامبر ۲۰۱۹) به ۷۷۸ میلیارد دلار رسید.

علاوه بر این، وزارت امور خارجه آمریکا در کنار آژانس توسعه بین‌المللی ایالات متحده (USAID) و سایر سازمان‌های دولتی، ۴۴ میلیارد دلار برای پروژه‌های بازسازی هزینه کرد. با این حساب مجموع هزینه براساس داده‌های رسمی بین سال‌های ۲۰۰۱ و ۲۰۱۹ به ۸۲۲ میلیارد دلار می‌رسد. اما این شامل هزینه‌های آمریکا در پاکستان که ایالات متحده از آن به عنوان پایگاه برای عملیات مربوط به افغانستان استفاده می‌کند، نمی‌شود.

طبق مطالعه دانشگاه براون در سال ۲۰۱۹ که هزینه‌های جنگ در افغانستان و پاکستان را بررسی کرده است، ایالات متحده حدود ۹۷۸ میلیارد دلار هزینه کرده است (برآورد آنها پول اختصاص یافته برای سال مالی ۲۰۲۰ را هم شامل می‌شود).

در این بررسی تاکید شد که ارزیابی هزینه کلی دشوار است زیرا روش‌های حسابداری بین ادارات دولتی متفاوت است و همچنین آنها با گذشت زمان تغییر می‌کنند و منجر به برآورد کلی متفاوت می‌شوند.

این پول کجا هزینه شد؟

قسمت عمده پول هزینه شده در افغانستان صرف عملیات‌های ضد شورش و نیازهای نیروهای آمریکایی از جمله غذا، لباس، مراقبت‌های پزشکی، حقوق ویژه و مزایا بوده است. اطلاعات رسمی نشان می‌دهد که از سال ۲۰۰۲ ایالات متحده همچنین حدود ۱۴۳.۲۷ میلیارد دلار برای فعالیت‌های بازسازی در افغانستان هزینه کرده است.

بیش از نیمی از آن (۸۸.۳۲ میلیارد دلار) برای تشکیل نیروهای امنیتی افغانستان، از جمله ارتش ملی و نیروی پلیس افغانستان هزینه شد. تقریباً ۳۶ میلیارد دلار برای حاکمیت و توسعه اختصاص داده شد، در حالی که مبالغ کمتری هم برای مبارزه با موادمخدر و کمک‌های بشردوستانه اختصاص یافت. مقادیری از این پول‌ طی این سال‌ها مفقود یا اسراف، سوءاستفاده یا سرقت شد.

در گزارشی اکتبر ۲۰۲۰ به کنگره ایالات متحده، مسئول نظارت بر تلاش‌های بازسازی در افغانستان تخمین زد که حدود ۱۹ میلیارد دلار از ماه مه ۲۰۰۹ تا ۳۱ دسامبر ۲۰۱۹ از این طریق مفقود شده است.

هزینه انسانی چقدر است؟

از زمان آغاز جنگ علیه طالبان در سال ۲۰۰۱، نیروهای آمریکایی بیش از ۲۳۰۰ نیروی خوشان را از دست داده وحدود ۲۰ هزار و ۶۶۰ سرباز هم حین عملیات مجروح شدند.

اشرف غنی، رئیس جمهوری افغانستان هم در سال ۲۰۱۹ اعلام کرد بیش از ۴۵ هزار عضو نیروهای امنیتی افغان از زمان روی کار آمدن او در پنج سال قبل کشته شده‌اند.

تحقیقات دانشگاه براون در سال ۲۰۱۹ تخمین زده است، از اکتبر ۲۰۰۱ که جنگ آغاز شد، تلفات جانی در میان ارتش و پلیس ملی در افغانستان را بیش از ۶۴ هزار و ۱۰۰ تن باشد. و براساس مأموریت امدادرسانی سازمان ملل در افغانستان (یوناما)، از زمان شروع ثبت منظم تلفات غیرنظامیان در سال ۲۰۰۹، نزدیک به ۱۱۱ هزار غیرنظامی کشته یا زخمی شده‌اند.

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