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درباره ذخیره‌گاه زیست کره «حرّا» چه می‌دانید؟

درباره ذخیره‌گاه زیست کره «حرّا» چه می‌دانید؟

ذخیره گاه زیست‌کره حرّا تنها منطقه حفاظت شده از جنگل‌های مانگرو در حاشیه شمالی خلیج فارس و دریای عمان است که بیشترین تراکم پوشش را نیز در همین منطقه دارد. این ذخیره‌گاه در فاصله بین جزیره قشم در خلیج فارس و ساحل سرزمینی ایران قرار دارد و جزو محدوده استان هرمزگان است. به گزارش ایسنا،  درسال ۱۳۵۱

درباره ذخیره‌گاه زیست کره «حرّا» چه می‌دانید؟

ذخیره گاه زیست‌کره حرّا تنها منطقه حفاظت شده از جنگل‌های مانگرو در حاشیه شمالی خلیج فارس و دریای عمان است که بیشترین تراکم پوشش را نیز در همین منطقه دارد. این ذخیره‌گاه در فاصله بین جزیره قشم در خلیج فارس و ساحل سرزمینی ایران قرار دارد و جزو محدوده استان هرمزگان است.

به گزارش ایسنا،  درسال ۱۳۵۱ اراضی پوشیده از مانگرو در سطح ملی به‌عنوان منطـقه حفاظت شده تحت مدیریت قرار گرفت و در سال ۱۳۵۴ به‌عنوان ذخـیره‌گاه زیست‌کـره پذیرفته و ثبت شد همچنین در سال ۱۳۵۵ نواحی بکر جنگل‌های مانگرو، گل‌زارها و نهرها در تنگه خـوران به عنوان تالاب مهم با ارزش بین المللی در کنواسیون بین‌المللی رامسر به ثبت رسید.

براساس اطلاعات سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست، جنگل‌های مانگرو اکوسیستم‌های کاملا ویژه‌ای هستند و اجتماعات گیاهی و جانوری آن‌ها در ارتباط با شرایط خاصی می‌تواند شکل بگیرد. از نظر پوشش گیاهی منطقه حفاظت شده حّرا شامل دو فرم است. جوامع گیاهی هالوفیت یا شورپسند که متعلق به تیره «Chenopodiaceae» است و در نواحی ساحلی گسترش یافته‌اند و بعضا با بوته‌های گز همراه هستند و گونه حرّا با نام علمی «Avicennia marina»  که به وجود آورنده جنگل‌های انبوه است.

جنگل‌ حرّا، جنگل‌های ساحلی حساس و شکننده‌ای است که نقش ارزنده‌ای در حفظ تنوع زیستی منطقه دارد و حفاظت از گونه‌های خاص حرّا و چندل که آخرین حد پراکنش آن در شمال شرقی ذخیره‌گاه است بسیار حائز اهمیت و ضروری محسوب می‌شود.

کنترل فرسایش ساحلی یعنی جلوگیری از تخریب سواحل در برابر امواج و طوفان ها، تثبیت رسوبگذاری و جلوگیری از جابه‌جایی آن با سیستم ریشه‌ای خاص و حفاظت از آبسنگ‌های مرجانی از ویژگی‌های مهم جنگل حرّا در حفظ تنوع زیستی منطقه است همچنین جنگل حرّا نیازهای زیستگاهی آبزیان را تامین می‌کند بطوری که بسیاری از آبزیان مراحل اولیه رشد و تکثیر خود را در این جنگل‌ها سپری می‌کنند و زیستگاه بسیاری از پرندگان آبزی و کنار آبزی در جنگل های حرّا است.

دسترسی به این ذخیره گاه از بندرعباس – مرکز استان هرمزگان -امکان پذیر است. یکی از راه‌های دسترسی طی مسیر راه شرقی –  غربی جاده بندر عباس – بندر خمیر با مسافتی حدود ۱۲۵ کیلومتر است. از این مسیر می توان به روستاهای پیر حریره، لشتقان، کوشک، سایه خوش رسید که در شمال و غرب منطقه قرار دارند. مسیر دیگر عزیمت به جزیره قشم با قایق و از بندرعباس است و با رسیدن به بندر لافت در شرق محدوده ذخیره گاه می توان به روستای گورزین در شرق منطقه عزیمت کرد. در جهت غرب، روستاهای خورخوران، تیل، دورینی، گوران، چاهو، بندر دولاب و کنار سیاه، مرکز جنوبی ذخیره‌گاه را تشکیل داده‌اند. از این روستاها دسترسی به ذخیره‌گاه با قایق میسر است. مردم این روستاها اغلب به فعالیت‌های تجاری مشغول هستند و به جز نخلستان‌های محدود، فعالیت کشاورزی عمده‌ای ندارند. دامداری محدود همراه با صید ماهی در آب‌های ساحلی از دیگر فعالیت‌های آن‌هاست.

هسته مرکزی ذخیره‌گاه بستر کم عمق بین نوار ساحلی سرزمینی و جزیره قشم قرار دارد و رسوبگذاری رودخانه‌ها در دلتای خود باعث شده است تا محیطی کم‌عمق در دریاچه به وجود آید و باعث استقرار مانگرو شود که با جزر و مد روزانه آب در خلیج فارس سازگار شده‌اند.

طول ذخیره‌گاه حدود ۱۵۰ کیلومتر است و مسافتی بیش از ۸۵۰۰۰ هکتار دارد که بیش از ۶۳۰۰ هکتار آن را جنگل‌های حرّا تشکیل می‌دهد. نزدیک‌ترین ایستگاه سینوپتیکی به ذخیره‌گاه حرّا، ایستگاه بندرعباس است که در ساحل خلیج فارس قرار دارد.

ذخیره‌گاه زیست‌کره حرّا دارای آب و هوای گرم و مرطوب است و در روش طبقه‌بندی اقلیمی «آمبرژه» در طبقه بیابانی گرم شدید قرار دارد. میانگین طولانی مدت بارش سالانه در بندر عباس ۱۴۶ میلیمتر و دمای متوسط سالانه آن ۲۷.۲ درجه سانتیگراد است. بیشترین مقدار بارش در ماه‌های دی و بهمن و تابستان فصلی خشک است.

دراین ذخیره‌گاه، رطوبت نسبی هوا زیاد است به‌طوری‌که متوسط سالانه آن بیش از ۶۵ درصد محاسبه شده که بین ۶۰ تا ۶۸ درصد در ماه‌های مختلف سال نوسان دارد. جریان بادهای منطقه به‌طور عمده دارای جهت شمال غربی – جنوب شرقی و فصل وزش آن‌ها زمستان است و بادهای محلی نیز با شدت کمتر وجود دارند.

ذخیره گاه حرّا در فاصله بین جزیره قشم و ساحل سرزمینی ایران از نظر زمین شناسی در ادامه کوهستان‌های زاگرس قرار گرفته است و در شمال منطقه، کوه‌های بلند با ارتفاع حداکثر ۲۳۴۷ متر در کوه گنو به دشت‌های ساحلی متصل شده‌اند که در این فاصله گسل‌های متعددی وجود دارد و باعث شده‌اند تا گنبدهای نمکی متعددی در دوره زمین‌شناسی «پلیستوسن» بیرون‌زدگی یابند. این گنبدهای نمکی در مسیر جریان آب‌های سطحی، کیفیت آب را به شدت نامناسب می‌کنند. اراضی ساحلی هنگامی که از دریا دور هستند شرایط مناسبی برای کشت دارند اما فاقد آب هستند و ارضی با پوشش گیاهی تنک را تشکیل می‌دهند. اراضی نزدیک به دریا دارای خاک‌های شور و قلیا هستند و آب زیرزمینی در آن‌ها نزدیک به سطح زمین است.

نواحی هسته مرکزی ذخیره‌گاه زیست‌کره حرّا را «ترعه خوران» و  «بندر گوران» و نواحی سپر حفاظتی آن را«لشتگان پایین»، «رودخانه مهران»، «لافت کهنه» و «بندر لافت» تشکیل می‌دهند.

مشارکت بومیان در نحوه بهره برداری از منابع طبیعی در گذشته نسق و عرف رایج و بسیار محکمی داشته و جالب اینکه بسیار منطبق با اصول توسعه پایدار بوده است به طوری‌که نظارت کافی بر نحوه بهره برداری از منابع ذخیره گاه توسط رهبران محلی و مکانیسم‌های تعریف شده آن‌ها صورت گرفته است.

به گزارش ایسنا، در درحالی بر اساس قوانین موجود هرگونه تخریب و آلودگی تالاب ممنوع است و عرصه‌های جنگلی کشور غیر قابل واگذاری به اشخاص حقیقی و حقوقی هستند که تالاب خوربردستان دیّر و جنگل‌های حرّای آن به‌دلیل جاده‌کشی و راه‌اندازی سایت پرورش میگو با خطری جدی مواجه شده‌اند این در حالیست که ماجرای احداث سایت ‌پرورش میگو در این منطقه از سال ۹۵ توسط سرمایه‌گذاران مختلفی ‌پیگیری شد و در سال ۹۷ یک سرمایه‌گذار شخصی که قصد پرورش نوع خاصی از میگو را داشت ‌پس از چند سال دوندگی مجوز کار گرفت و  لودرهایش برای تسطیح منطقه که حتی شهرداری آن را به چشم یک منطقه نمونه گردشگری دیده بود، فعالیت خود را آغاز کرد. دی ماه سال جاری مردم دیّر در استان بوشهر با راه‌اندازی ‌پویش خودجوش نجات جنگل حرّا و نصب پلاکاردهای متعدد در سطح شهر نسبت به تخریب جنگل حرا در تالاب بردستان اعتراض کردند.

انتهای ‌پیام

منبع:ایسنا

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