تاریخ انتشار : چهارشنبه 22 دی 1400 - 18:12
102 بازدید
کد خبر : 190684

واکاوی لایحه‌ای برای نظارت بر معاملات دولتی

واکاوی لایحه‌ای برای نظارت بر معاملات دولتی

لایحه مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی که قرار بود امروز در کمیسیون عمران مجلس بررسی شود، باید چگونگی اعطای قراردادها یا واگذاری امتیازات، معافیت‌ها و تسهیلات بخش عمومی به افراد را تعیین کند. به گزارش ایسنا، روزنامه «شرق» در ادامه نوشت: شهرام حلاج، پژوهشگر طرح‌های عمرانی و معاملات عمومی کشور با تأکید بر سردرگم‌بودن متن در

واکاوی لایحه‌ای برای نظارت بر معاملات دولتی

لایحه مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی که قرار بود امروز در کمیسیون عمران مجلس بررسی شود، باید چگونگی اعطای قراردادها یا واگذاری امتیازات، معافیت‌ها و تسهیلات بخش عمومی به افراد را تعیین کند.

به گزارش ایسنا، روزنامه «شرق» در ادامه نوشت: شهرام حلاج، پژوهشگر طرح‌های عمرانی و معاملات عمومی کشور با تأکید بر سردرگم‌بودن متن در برابر پرمفسده‌ترین حوزه مدیریت عمومی می‌گوید: ایراد اساسی در درون متن کنونی روی میز، آن است که انبوهی از موارد و نکات فرعی و کم‌اهمیت‌تر سبب شده ‌است نکات اصلی و مهم‌تر به‌شدت پنهان یا مغفول بماند.

به گفته او ابعاد عظیم فساد در «معاملات بخش عمومی» هنگامی بیشتر نمایان می‌شود که توجه‌ کنیم حجم رشوه‌های پرداخت‌شده در «معاملات بخش عمومی» به‌تنهایی از مجموعه آن هفت گروه دیگر نیز بزرگ‌تر است. حجم رشوه‌های «معاملات دولتی» به‌تنهایی ۵۷ درصد و حجم مجموع کل رشوه‌های دیگر در حکمرانی (شامل ناشناخته و …) فقط ۴۳ درصد است.

در ادامه، مشروح گفت‌وگو با شهرام حلاج را می‌خوانید:

متن لایحه مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی به عقیده برخی تحلیلگران ایرادهایی دارد. شما این متن را چگونه ارزیابی می‌کنید؟

در آغاز تصریح می‌کنم این گفت‌وگو را به‌عنوان وظیفه اخلاقی یا تکلیف حرفه‌ای متخصص قوانین و مقررات مناقصات و معاملات کشورم ایران انجام می‌دهم. اگر دیدگاه رسمی یک نهاد پژوهشی و معتبر کشور مؤید صحت کارشناسی این عرایض باشد، باز هم مسئولیت آن با شخص گوینده است. به‌عنوان پژوهشگری که سال‌ها از وجوه عمومی کشور حقوق گرفته‌ است تا در چنین روزی از حریم «معاملات عمومی کشور» پاسداری کند. دلیل این گفت‌وگو تعلق به ایران است و نه تعلق به هیچ سازمان یا مرکزی.

در ابتدا باید تأکید کنم دو خطر همیشه مباحث کارشناسی را تهدید می‌کند؛ یکی خطر هیاهوی جناحی یا گروهی و دیگری خطر سفسطه‌ ناشی از لجاجت یا منفعت شخصی. حفاظت از حقوق ملت در پرتو مباحث دقیق و کارشناسی، یک راه بیشتر ندارد: گفت‌وشنود سنجشگرانه و کارشناسانه.
البته در مجلس دهم رئیس کمیسیون عمران فرصت بسیار خوبی برای گفت‌وشنود دقیق کارشناسی فراهم کرد اما بعدا با حضور نایب‌رئیس کمیسیون، دستاوردهای این گفت‌وشنود کنار گذاشته‌ شد. در مجلس یازدهم نیز رئیس کمیسیون عمران فرصتی چندماهه‌ برای بررسی‌های دقیق کارشناسی فراهم‌ کرد.

اینک برای همه صاحبان حق و کارشناسان موضوع می‌گویم که از نظر متخصصی که دو دهه با دقت و جدیت روی طرح‌های عمرانی و معاملات عمومی کشور مطالعه کرده‌ است، این شیوه، مناسب و درست نیست. دلیل آن را در ادامه عرض می‌کنم؛ چون آنچه در اینجا می‌گویم، موضوعاتی علمی و کاملا باز هستند و هیچ‌گونه طبقه‌بندی ندارند و برای مشارکت دیگر کارشناسان و صاحبان حق در کشور، از منظر تحلیلی به آن می‌پردازم.

قبلا تأکید کرده‌ام که ایراد روش‌شناسی لایحه مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی آن است که تحت عنوان بسیار خوب و ارزشمند «مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی» از کمترین مشارکت در روش تدوین برخوردار است ولی ایراد اساسی در درون متن کنونی روی میز، آن است که انبوهی از موارد و نکات فرعی و کم‌اهمیت‌تر سبب شده‌ است نکات اصلی و مهم‌تر به‌شدت پنهان یا مغفول بماند. گذشته از اینکه انواع مغایرت‌ها با اصول قانون اساسی و حتی با بدیهیات ادبیات حقوقی و قانون‌گذاری در متن به چشم می‌خورد و می‌توان گفت متن موجود از نظر شاخص‌های ارزیابی قانون، مصداق «قانون بد» شده‌ است. متأسفم که موضوعی با اهمیت و آثار گسترده مالی و اجتماعی، مانند «مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی» دارای متنی تا این حد ضعیف است. در آینده، می‌توان هم درباره روش تدوین و هم درباره نقایص متن موجود به تفصیل بگوییم؛ چون این متن، قابلیت زیادی برای تدریس و آموزش -‌ به‌عنوان یک متن قانونی بد و پر از نقص‌ – دارد؛ اما در این گفت‌وگو به یک ایراد و البته ایراد بنیادی آنچه روی میز گذاشته‌اند، می‌پردازم؛ یعنی سردرگم‌بودن متن در برابر پرمفسده‌ترین حوزه مدیریت عمومی؛ آن هم در حساس‌ترین مقطع آن. یعنی چگونگی اعطای قراردادها یا واگذاری امتیازات، معافیت‌ها و تسهیلات بخش عمومی به افراد.

این غفلت اساسی را که سبب شده ‌است لایحه سردرگم بماند، بیشتر توضیح می‌دهید؟

در هر قرارداد بخش عمومی (از جمله پیمانکاری، خرید کالا یا سرمایه‌گذاری و دیگر انواع)، آنچه از اهمیت بسیار زیادی برخوردار است، این است که اولا بخش عمومی چه چیزی به دست‌ می‌آورد و چه حقوقی کسب می‌کند؟ ثانیا بابت این دستاورد، چه حقوقی را واگذار و چه امتیازات و اختیاراتی را اعطا می‌کند؟ مثلا در قراردادهای «مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی»، در تشریح و تحلیل حقوق بخش عمومی (عوض اول) باید این سؤالات را پرسید:

۱. سطح کیفی محصول حاصل از این قرارداد مشارکت چیست؟ آیا سرمایه‌گذار دیگری وجود نداشت که سطح کیفی بالاتری ارائه ‌دهد؟

۲. چه میزان محصول به دست مردم خواهد رسید؟ آیا هیچ سرمایه‌گذار دیگری وجود نداشت که میزان بیشتر و مناسب‌تری از محصول ارائه ‌کند؟

۳. این محصول در چه زمانی به دست مردم خواهد رسید؟ آیا هیچ سرمایه‌گذار دیگری نمی‌شد یافت که در زمان مناسب‌تری به محصول برسیم؟

۴. چگونه می‌توان اطمینان یافت که این محصول با مرغوبیت لازم به دست مردم خواهد رسید؟

۵. چگونه می‌توان اطمینان یافت که این محصول در مقدار و زمان مناسب به دست مردم برسد؟

۶. آیا باید صبر کرد تا زمان تحویل محصول فرابرسد و تازه آن هنگام به احراز موارد بالا بیندیشیم؟

۷. آیا روش‌هایی برای احراز این موارد در زمان پیش از انعقاد قرارداد و اعطای امتیازات وجود ندارد؟

همچنین در قراردادهای «مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی»، در تشریح و تحلیل تعهدات بخش عمومی (عوض دوم) باید پرسید:

۱. چه معافیت‌هایی به سرمایه‌گذار اعطا می‌شود؟ این معافیت‌ها دارای چه ارزش مالی است؟

۲. چه اندازه کمک‌های دولتی مانند «یارانه سود»، «وجوه اداره‌شده»، «وجوه تکمیلی»، «کمک غیرنقدی»، «تعهد دولت مبنی‌بر خرید محصول»، «پرداخت مابه‌التفاوت بها»، «سایر تعهدات طرف عمومی»، «حمایت‌های صادراتی»، «مجور ایجاد کاربری‌های چندگانه» و «مجوز ایجاد تأسیسات جانبی اقتصادی» و «دیگر مشوق‌ها» (که مجوز همه آنها در همین لایحه اخذ شده‌ است) به این سرمایه‌گذار اعطا می‌شود؟ آیا دیگر سرمایه‌گذاران احتمالی نیز همین میزان کمک دولتی را درخواست می‌کردند؟

۳. چه حقوق انحصاری به سرمایه‌گذار اعطا می‌شود؟ ارزش مالی این حقوق انحصاری چگونه محاسبه شده‌ است؟

۴. چند سال اجازه بهره‌برداری به سرمایه‌گذار داده می‌شود؟ سایر سرمایه‌گذاران چند سال اجازه بهره‌برداری می‌خواستند؟

۵. چه میزان از اموال دولتی ترهین شده ‌است؟ آیا سرمایه‌گذاران دیگری نیز می‌توانستند از همین میزان ترهین اموال دولتی برخوردار ‌شوند؟

۶. شیوه تصمیم‌گیری مدیران دولتی برای جابه‌جایی اعتبارات از برخی طرح‌ها به برخی طرح‌های دیگر چه بوده ‌است؟

۷. با چه معیارها و دلایلی، برخی پروژه‌ها و سرمایه‌گذاران آنها از این جابه‌جایی اعتبارات برخوردار می‌شوند و برخی دیگر نمی‌شوند؟

هرگونه سستی در یافتن پاسخ پرسش‌های نخست (درباره حقوق دولت) یا هرگونه سستی در اطمینان از کفایت این پاسخ‌ها و نیز هرگونه گشاده‌دستی زیاده در کنترل پاسخ‌های گروه دوم (درباره تعهدات دولت)، زمینه‌ساز فساد در معاملات بخش عمومی است. فساد در معاملات بخش عمومی، به گواهی مطالعات بین‌المللی، بزرگ‌ترین و محتمل‌ترین نوع فساد در حوزه عمومی است.

آیا اندازه‌گیری یا تخمینی از فساد در معاملات بخش عمومی وجود دارد؟

طبق گزارش «سازمان همکاری و توسعه اقتصادی» (OECD)، اگر کل رشوه‌های دولتی را در هشت گروه دسته‌بندی کنیم که فقط یکی از گروه‌ها «معاملات بخش عمومی» باشد و دیگر گروه‌ها مواردی مانند «اخذ تسهیلات»‌ و «صدور مجوزها» و آخرین یا هشتمین گروه نیز موارد ناشناخته و متفرقه باشد، حجم رشوه‌ها – ‌به‌عنوان عینی‌ترین شاخص اندازه‌گیری فساد – در «معاملات بخش عمومی» اولا از تک‌تک آن گروه‌های دیگر و حتی از گروه ناشناخته و متفرقه نیز بزرگ‌تر است. ابعاد عظیم فساد در «معاملات بخش عمومی» هنگامی بیشتر نمایان می‌شود که توجه ‌کنیم حجم رشوه‌های پرداخت‌شده در «معاملات بخش عمومی»، به‌تنهایی از مجموعه آن هفت گروه دیگر نیز بزرگ‌تر است. حجم رشوه‌های «معاملات دولتی» به‌تنهایی ۵۷ درصد و حجم مجموع کل رشوه‌های دیگر در حکمرانی (شامل ناشناخته و …) فقط ۴۳‌ درصد است.

برای مدیریت این محل پرخطر و مستعد فساد، باید سازوکارهای بسیار دقیقی طراحی کرد. این سازوکارها فقط بازرسی بیشتر نیست، بلکه خط‌مشی‌گذاری دقیق برای انواع سازوکارهای فنی و تخصصی نیز هست. در مدل‌های پیشنهادی سازمان ملل در قراردادهای مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی نیز مهم‌ترین و مفصل‌ترین بخش قانون (خط‌مشی‌گذاری)، طراحی همین‌ سازوکارهاست. این سازوکارها را در اصطلاح قوانین کشور ما «تشریفات برگزاری مناقصات» می‌نامند. خوشبختانه قانون‌گذاری در این موضوع در کشور ما بیش از یک قرن سابقه و تجربه دارد. در این یک قرن، تلاش ملی برای شفافیت‌زایی و عدالت‌افزایی، یکی از نقاط درخشان «قانون برگزاری مناقصات» بوده که در واقع قانونی است برای انواع متنوعی از مدرن‌ترین معاملات.

آیا درباره این ضعف لایحه با این ابعاد بزرگ، یعنی عدم توجه به موضوع مهم برگزاری مناقصات، قبلا تذکر یا هشدار داده‌اید؟ چه نتیجه‌ای داشته‌ است؟

سازمان برنامه در سال ۹۸ کارشناسان صندوق بین‌المللی پول را دعوت کرد و نهادها و سازمان‌های مرتبط را نیز فراخواند تا درباره همین «لایحه مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی» نظرات کارشناسان بین‌المللی را بشنوند. این کارشناسان در نهایت صراحت گفتند: مگر می‌شود بدون «مناقصه» به کسی کار «مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی» داد؟ این کارشناسان بین‌المللی مدعو سازمان برنامه در نهایتِ صراحت و با تأکید بسیار گفتند: همین لایحه‌ای که دولت به مجلس ارائه کرده ‌است، نیازمند حداقل دو نیم‌صفحه تبیین سازوکارهای مناقصات است. اما کسانی که منویاتی خلاف این درس‌ها داشتند، آن توصیه‌ها را کنار گذاشتند و انگارنه‌انگار که این همه رفت‌وآمد برای شنیدن نظر کارشناسان صندوق بین‌المللی پول درباره همین لایحه بوده ‌است.

برخلاف سخنان خلاف واقع یا بی‌مطالعه‌ای که می‌گویند: «قانون مناقصات با مشارکت تعارض دارد»، مطالعات دقیق نشان می‌دهد که «قانون برگزاری مناقصات» اصلا و ابدا محدود به مناقصات در معنای محدود و مضیق «ارزان بخر و انبان بخر» یا «کمترین قیمت» ‌نیست. در مسیر تکاملِ معاملاتِ بخش عمومی ایران، «قانون برگزاری مناقصات» یک اقدام کاملا توسعه‌ای محسوب می‌شود. یعنی مفاهیم کهن را توسعه‌ داده‌ است، بدون هیاهوی تغییر نام و بازی با الفاظ به بهسازی سازوکارها پرداخته است. یعنی در عمل معنای کلمه «مناقصه» را توسعه داده ‌است و آن را از خرید «برپایه کمترین قیمت» به خرید «با مناسب‌ترین قیمت» ارتقا داده ‌است و تمام لوازم آن را هم پیش‌بینی کرده است. چه‌بسا همین حالا و در سایه همین قانون عملا، حتی فرمول خرید «برپایه ارزش» در آیین‌نامه‌های اجرائی دولت درج شده ‌است و اکنون سال‌هاست که مورد استفاده است.

البته برای تسهیل کار مشارکت می‌توان آیین‌نامه‌های اجرایی قانون برگزاری مناقصات را روان‌تر نیز کرد. شاید هم لازم باشد در برخی موارد یکی دو ماده قانون برگزاری مناقصات اصلاح شود که این نیز می‌تواند امری معقول و منطقی باشد؛ به شرط آنکه نیاز قوه مجریه با رعایت حقوق قوه مقننه به انجام رسد. در هر ‌یک از این دو صورت، لازم نیست که سرمایه‌های نهادی کشور را تخریب کنیم. آن‌هم سرمایه نهادی مانند «قانون برگزاری مناقصات» که در کنار تمام نقایص ذاتی کارهای بشری، باز هم در مقایسه با دیگر قوانین کشور همچنان از درخشان‌ترین قوانین کنونی است. به‌طور مشخص از همین «لایحه مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی» چند سر و گردن بالاتر است.

متأسفانه نوعی کم‌اطلاعی، سطحی‌نگری یا شتاب‌زدگی که با تمایل عام به قانون‌گریزی و قاعده‌گریزی دست به دست هم داده است. در نتیجه سبب شده ‌است بدون هیچ‌گونه مطالعه دقیق و قابل‌اعتماد، فضایی راه بیفتد برای کنارگذاشتن بیش از یک قرن تجربه و مطالعه در این زمینه. این فضا حتی سبب نادیده‌گرفتن حقوق مجلس در قانون‌گذاری در این حوزه شده ‌است. باید دقت کرد که تصویب اصول و قواعد معاملات دولتی از حقوق قوه مقننه است و به‌هیچ‌وجه خط‌مشی‌گذاری در این حوزه مهم و پرمفسده را نمی‌توان به هیچ مجری یا کارگزاری سپرد. در نهایت باید توجه داشت که اولا هیچ مطالعه قابل‌اتکایی برای کنارگذاشتن قانون برگزاری مناقصات وجود ندارد بلکه کاملا برعکس، مطالعات چندساله کاملا مؤید سازگاری زیاد «قانون برگزاری مناقصات» برای ارجاع کار قراردادهای مشارکت است و فقط کافی است آیین‌نامه‌های اجرایی قانون ارتقا یابند. ثانیا اگر روزی مطالعه‌ای انجام شود که نشان بدهد خود احکام قانون برگزاری مناقصات نیازمند اصلاح است، آن موارد استثنایی اصلاح قانون نیز باید حتما به دست مجلس صورت گیرد.

سرمایه‌های نهادی از جمله قانون کشور، با کلنگ تخریب نمی‌شوند بلکه با فشردن یک دکمه از صفحه اجرا حذف می‌شوند. همچنین با بتن و میلگرد ساخته نمی‌شوند بلکه با شکیبایی در گفت‌وشنود سنجشگرانه ساخته می‌شوند و توسعه می‌یابند. اکنون باید دید که مجلس آیا در پاسداری از سرمایه‌های نهادی کشور و در صورت لزوم توسعه سنجیده آنها، مانند جراحی حاذق عمل می‌کند و در حد ضرورت بدنه قانونی کشور را می‌شکافد یا این سرمایه‌های نهادی را یکسره کنار می‌گذارد؟ اکنون باید ناظری هشیار بود که آیا مجلس از حقوق خود در خط‌مشی‌گذاری معاملات بخش عمومی چشم‌پوشی می‌کند یا حقوق خانه ملت را به بخش‌هایی از ادارات دولت تقدیم می‌کند؟ اکنون باید ناظری دقیق بود و تماشا کرد که مجلس در میان دو نظم دسترسی پیش‌ رو کدام‌یک را انتخاب می‌کند: «نظم دسترسی آزاد» یا «نظم دسترسی محدود» را؟

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