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کارنامه توصیفی چیست؟

کارنامه توصیفی چیست؟

کارنامه تحصیلی به گزارشی از ریزنمرات بدست آمده از سوی یک دانش‌آموز در مقاطع دبستان، راهنمایی، دبیرستان و دانشگاه گفته می‌شود. برخلاف فارسی که کارنامه تنها واژه برای این مفهوم است، در زبان انگلیسی واژه‌های زیادی چنین مفهومی دارند. Transcript یا Permanent Record یا ساده‌شده‌اش Record واژه‌ ایست که در آمریکا برای کارنامه به کار

کارنامه تحصیلی به گزارشی از ریزنمرات بدست آمده از سوی یک دانش‌آموز در مقاطع دبستان، راهنمایی، دبیرستان و دانشگاه گفته می‌شود. برخلاف فارسی که کارنامه تنها واژه برای این مفهوم است، در زبان انگلیسی واژه‌های زیادی چنین مفهومی دارند. Transcript یا Permanent Record یا ساده‌شده‌اش Record واژه‌ ایست که در آمریکا برای کارنامه به کار می‌روند. در اروپا در سامانهٔ ECTS از (Transcript of Records (ToR استفاده می‌شود. در کانادا از Report card و در هندوستان از Marksheet بهره گرفته می‌شود.

کارنامه

کارنامه در کشورهای مختلف

کارنامه آمریکایی

در آمریکا برای نشان دادن بازده یک دانش‌آموز یا دانشجو یا حروف به کار می‌روند (مانند F, D، C, B، A که A بهترین نمره و F نشانهٔ افتادن می‌باشد) یا با نمرات نشان داده می‌شود (به این صورت که A=۹۰–۱۰۰، B=۸۰–۸۹، C=۷۰–۷۹، D=۶۰–۶۹، f=۰–۵۹).

کارنامه افغانستانی

بیشینهٔ نمرات در امتحانات آموزش و پرورش افغانستان ۱۰۰ است. با این حال بیشینه نمرات هر نیم سال تحصیلی در کارنامه دانش آموزان اعداد ۴۰ و ۶۰ است. به این ترتیب که بیشینه نمرات در نیم سال اول ۴۰ و در نیم سال دوم ۶۰ است. مجموع این دو نمره، نمره سالانه محسوب می‌شود و با این حساب بیشینه آن همان ۱۰۰ خواهد شد. اگر شاگردی به دلیلی موجه تنها در امتحانات آخر سال شرکت کند همان نمره‌ای که از ۴۰ نمره گرفته‌است در عدد ۲٫۵ ضرب می‌شود و به عنوان نمره سالانه ثبت می‌گردد. حد پایین نمره برای کامیابی در امتحان نمره ۴۰ است که معادل نمره ۸ در ایران می‌شود.

کارنامه ایرانی

نمرات نوشته شده در کارنامه در ایران از ۲۰. شرط قبولی در ایران نمرهٔ ۱۰ می‌باشد. در دوره ابتدایی کارنامه توصیفی است (شامل خیلی خوب، خوب، قابل قبول، نیازمند به تلاش بیشتر) بالاترین خیلی خوب و پایین‌ترین نیازمند به تلاش بیشتر است.

انتشار نمرات و کارنامه دانش آموزان همیشه پس از اتمام امتحانات پایانی یا میان ترم مدارس انجام می‌پذیرد. پس از این که معلمان مدارس برگه‌های امتحانی دانش آموزان را دریافت کرده و آن‌ها را تصحیح نمودند، نمرات دریافتی در سامانه سناد دانش آموزی ثبت می‌شود.

کارنامه کانادایی

در کانادا نیز یا حروف به کار می‌روند (مانند D, C، B, A که A بهترین نمره و D نشانهٔ افتادن می‌باشد) یا با نمرات نشان داده می‌شود (به این صورت که A=۸۰–۱۰۰، B=۷۰–۷۹، C=۶۹–۵۱، D/Fail= ۵۰–۰).

کارنامه ارزشیابی توصیفی برای چه پایه ای به کار می رود؟

یکی از انواع کارنامه، کارنامه ارزشیابی توصیفی نام دارد که به دانش آموزان پایه ابتدایی اعطا می‌شود. در این کارنامه، خبری از نمره نیست و شما با عباراتی از جمله نیاز به تلاش بیشتر، قابل قبول، خوب و بسیار خوب مواجه خواهید شد. معلمان مقطع ابتدایی با استفاده از این جملات توصیفی، وضعیت تحصیلی کودک را شرح می‌دهند و نقاط ضعف و قوت او را جهت ارتقای درسی، مشخص می‌کنند.

در واقع ارزیابی کودکان در مقطع ابتدایی به صورت ارزیابی کیفی سنجیده می‌شود. زیرا ارزیابی کمی که در گذشته انجام می‌شد و با دادن نمره و درج آن در کارنامه، وضعیت تحصیلی کودک را توصیف می‌کرد، باعث ایجاد استرس و اضطراب در کودکان می‌گردید.

این احساسات منفی، باعث کاهش عملکرد تحصیلی کودکان و در نتیجه افت تحصیلی می‌شد و می‌توانست علاقه کودک به مدرسه و تحصیل را کاهش دهد. به همین دلیل برای حل این مشکل، کارنامه ارزشیابی توصیفی روی کار آمد.

البته به دلیل جدید بودن این کارنامه، بعضی از والدین دغدغه‌هایی برای اطلاع از وضعیت تحصیلی فرزند خود داشته و برای اینکه بتوانند با این کارنامه ارتباط خوبی بگیرند، نیاز به کمی آموزش دارند.

کارنامه توصیفی چیست؟

اولین سوالی که ممکن است برای والدین مطرح شود، این است که کارنامه توصیفی چیست؟ و چه کاربردی دارد. در پاسخ به این سوال باید بگوییم که کارنامه ارزشیابی توصیفی، به نوعی بیان کننده عملکرد کودکان مقطع ابتدایی در طول سال تحصیلی می‌باشد که با بیان عباراتی از جمله بسیار خوب، خوب، قابل قبول و نیاز به تلاش بیشتر نمایش داده می‌شود.

اگر کودک در دروس فارسی و ریاضی به شکل همزمان گزینه نیاز به تلاش بیشتر را دریافت کند، باید مجدد در امتحان شرکت کرده و نتیجه بهتری کسب نماید. همچنین وظایف معلمان در توصیف عملکرد دانش آموزان نیز فقط محدود به درج عبارات و جملات توصیفی نمی‌باشد، بلکه باید به طور مشخص نقاط ضعف و قوت کودک را در دروس مختلف مشخص کنند.

برای مثال بعد از اینکه دانش آموزی در درس علوم امتیاز بسیار خوب کسب کرد، کار معلم تمام نخواهد شد. معلم باید توضیح دهد که نقاط قوت کودک در درس علوم چه بوده است. آیا در انجام آزمایشات کتاب عملکرد خوبی داشته و یا توانسته درک بسیار خوبی از مفاهیم پیدا کند. همچنین باید مشخص کند که کودک در چه قسمت‌هایی ضعف دارد و لازم است آنها را تقویت کند.

معلم برای اینکه بتواند در کارنامه ارزشیابی توصیفی دانش آموزان ابتدایی جملات درست و مرتبط با وضعیت تحصیلی هر دانش آموز را ذکر کند، لازم است تا در طول سال تحصیلی شناخت خوبی از دانش آموز پیدا کرده و همه عملکردهای هر دانش آموز را مورد ارزیابی قرار دهد.

جملات کارنامه ارزشیابی توصیفی

جملات به کار رفته در کارنامه ارزشیابی توصیفی چیست؟ این سوال هم می‌تواند برای دانش آموزان و والدین آنها مطرح شود. بیشترین سوالی که در این زمینه مطرح می‌شود این است که هر عبارت بیانگر چه نمره‌ای است و هدف از جملات کارنامه توصیفی ابتدایی چه می‌باشد. در پاسخ به این سوال باید بگوییم که هدف از ارائه امتیازات توصیفی در کارنامه دانش آموزان مقطع ابتدایی، کاهش توجه دانش آموزان و والدین به نمره بوده است.

زیرا وقتی دانش آموزان اهمیت خود را صرف کسب نمره بالا کنند، تمرکزشان را از یادگیری و درک مفاهیم از دست می‌دهند و سعی می‌کنند به هر شکل ممکن نمره خوبی کسب کنند. حتی برای این کار از حفظ کردن طوطی وار مطالب نیز مضایقه نخواهند کرد. اما این کار باعث می‌شود تا هدف از آموزش که درک کامل مفاهیم است، زیر سوال برود.

از آنجایی که دوران ابتدایی دوران بسیار مهمی در زندگی کودکان می‌باشد، لازم است تا تمرکز بیشتری روی شناسایی نقاط ضعف و قوت دانش آموزان به کار گرفته شود و این موضوعی است که با کمک کارنامه ارزشیابی توصیفی می‌توان به آن دست پیدا کرد. زیرا وقتی دانش آموزان نمره را در کارنامه خود مشاهده نکنند، استرس و نگرانی از بابت اشتباهات کوچک نخواهند داشت.

در این شرایط نمره ۱۹ با ۲۰ تفاوتی برای دانش آموزان ندارد و عملکرد کودک با یک نمره زیر سوال نمی‌رود. به این شکل کودک می‌تواند با اعتماد به نفس بیشتری در بحث‌های کلاسی شرکت کند و یاد می‌گیرد که چطور به سوالات معلم پاسخ داده و طرز فکر خود را نشان دهد.

منبع: https://madyar.org/page/final-scores

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